world of carbon(कार्बन चे जग )-mpsc Chemistry

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world of carbon(कार्बन चे जग )-mpsc Chemistry

Intro of world of carbon

➤ The origin of the name "carbon" is the Latin word "carbo", which means charcoal.
➤An organic compound is a chemical compound in which one or more carbon atoms are covalently linked to atoms of other elements (usually hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen).
➤Some simple compounds containing carbon are generally considered inorganic. Examples include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, carbides, cyanides, cyanates and thiocyanates.
➤Carbon is a organic compound.
➤.

✪ Hydrocarbon ✪

➤ Hydrocarbon is a type of organic compound consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
➤ This is made of carbon and compound by making bond between them.
➤ There are ionic bond or sharing bond
➤Types of a Hydrocarbon

• Alkane.
• Alkene.
• ALkyne.

✪ Alkane ✪

➤ Alkane is hydrocarbon with single bond between them with specific structure.
➤ They have special attraction to form a bonding between them.
➤This is type of saturated carbon
➤This is form with the combination like C_nH_2n+2
➤ The main source of alkanes are petroleum and natural gas found in the crust of earth.
➤They are formed by high temperature and pressure and under anaerobic conditions from the plants and organisms that were buried long time back.
➤ This is why petroleum and natural gas are known as fossil fuels. ➤This is type of saturated carbon
➤Eg. Methane CH4

➤ Olefins find many different applications in industry. They are used as synthetic raw materials for alcohols, plastics, lacquers, detergents and fuels. The most important olefins in the chemical industry are ethylene, propylene and 1,3-butadiene.
➤ Ethane is the most important organic raw material in the chemical industry. In 1977, the global output was about 88 million tons, second only to sulfuric acid and second only to sulfuric acid. Ethylene is produced from natural gas and crude oil through cracking. It is used as a raw material for many chemical products, such as polyethylene, vinyl chloride, styrene, ethanol, acetaldehyde, etc.
➤ Propane is the second most important raw material for organic products. The global output in 2000 was estimated to be about 50 million tons
➤ Butadiene with a worldwide production in 1953 of about 8.5 million metric tons is mainly used for the production of various synthetic rubbers
Alkane With number OF Carbons

1. methane CH4
2. ethane C2H6
3. propane C3H8
4. butane C4H10
5. pentane C5H12
6. hexane C6H14
7. heptane C7H16
8. octane C8H18
9. nonane C9H20
10. decane C10H22

✪ Alkene ✪

➤ Those hydrocarbon has double bond between them.
➤Unsaturated hydrocarbon.
➤This is form with the combination like C_nH_2n
➤The alkenes are insoluble in water due to their non-polar characteristics.
➤Alkanes are colourless.
➤Alkanes are less dense than water (alkanes float on top of water).
➤Alkanes are non-polar molecules so they are more soluble in non-polar solvents than they are in polar solvents.
➤The melting and boiling points of the shorter chain alkanes is low, but the melting and boilings of alkanes increase as the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain increases.
➤Alkanes are relatively unreactive.
Alkanes do not react with strong acids, bases, oxidising agents (oxidants) or reducing agents (reductants.
➤ Alkanes combust (react rapidly with oxygen) releasing energy, which makes alkanes useful as fuels.
➤Alkanes are non-polar molecules so they are more soluble in non-polar solvents than they are in polar solvents.
➤ eg.ethene butene.

✪ Alkyne ✪

➤ The hydrocarbon which are bounded with having triple bond between them.
➤ Unsaturated hydrocarbon.
➤ This is form with the combination like C_nH_2n-2
➤ Liquid alkynes are non-polar solvents, immiscible with water
➤ However, due to the electron density near the triple bond, alkynes are more polar than alkanes or alkenes
➤ Alkynes with a low ratio of hydrogen to carbon are highly flammable
➤ alkynes the primary hazard is flammability.
➤ The vapors of these compounds may be lighter or heavier than air among the gases and heavier than air with the liquids
➤ Eg.C2H2 Ethylene

✪ Catenation ✪

➤The bond made between similar atom is know as catenation bonding.
➤Means Bonding between carbon and carbon.
➤This catenation product is called as allotrope's.
➤So Diamond and graphite are the allotrpes of a carbon.

✪ Use Of Carbon ✪

➤ The computer screen where you are reading this article, the clothes you wear, the food you eat, and even the car you ride in, all have something in common.
➤ Graphite is used in pen nibs, high temperature crucibles, dry batteries, electrodes and as a lubricant.
➤ Diamonds are not only used in jewelry, but because they are very hard, they are used in industry for cutting, drilling, sanding and polishing.
➤ Carbon black is used as a black pigment in printing inks..
➤The C-14 radioisotope is used for archaeological dating..
➤ Carbon compounds are important in many areas of the chemical industry-carbon forms a large number of compounds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements.

Application Of a Carbon

➤ Amorphous carbon also finds a variety of applications such as in:

• Rubber tires
• Inks
• Pigments
• Phonograph records
• Stove polish
• Typewriter ribbons.